Jakarta’s coastal, seismically active location makes it prone to flooding and natural disasters. Its flat, lowland terrain, swamps, and mangroves heighten vulnerability, worsened by rising seas. Rapid urban growth has led to land subsidence, affecting planning, while sedimentation, illegal settlements, and poor waste management reduce river capacity, intensifying floods. The poor suffer most, lacking infrastructure and facing greater disaster risks, with Indonesia ranking sixth in global wealth inequality.